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United States · Domestic Most of the saving happens before year end

A return that reflects the year you actually had.

Federal and state returns for individuals and families, prepared by someone who looked at the year before it closed. What decides how painful filing season is comes down to one thing: whether tax was being taken as you earned, or not taken at all.

How tax reaches your income
Withheld at sourceReturn reconciles
Nothing withheldQuarterly estimates
Which describes your year
Income arriving through the year
Path A

Tax taken as you earn

Salaried income with withholding attached. Your employer remits through the year and the return largely reconciles what has already been paid, which is why most years feel uneventful.

W-2 incomeRefund or small balance
Path B

Nothing taken at all

Vesting equity, self-employment, rental profit or investment gains. Nobody withholds on your behalf, so tax builds up quietly and is expected in instalments rather than at the end.

Estimated paymentsUnderpayment risk
Why this matters

A return records decisions already made

Four things that decide whether filing season is routine or expensive.

TimingBy April, the year is closedMost of what could have been changed has already happened, which is why we would rather see you in the autumn
EquityStock compensation is three eventsVesting, exercising and selling are taxed separately, and treating them as one is where the surprises come from
StatesMoving does not end the old statePart-year and non-resident returns often both apply in the year you move, and residency has to be properly broken
Cash flowEstimates are not optionalIncome without withholding generally has to be paid through the year, and underpaying carries its own charge
How each path plays out

Three stages, followed down both sides

Through the year is where the outcome is decided. Filing records it. States are the part people forget until a second letter arrives.

01

Through the year

Withheld

Your employer takes tax at each payroll run. The main risk is that withholding is set wrong for your actual position, which quietly builds a balance.

Not withheld

Nothing is taken automatically. Payments are expected quarterly, and getting them roughly right is what stops April becoming a shock.

Equity events, planned before they happenVesting and exercise dates are known in advance, which makes them the easiest thing to plan around
Basis records kept as you goReconstructing cost basis years later is the single most avoidable job in personal tax
02

At filing

Withheld

The return reconciles what was taken against what was owed. Usually a refund or a modest balance, unless something unusual happened in the year.

Not withheld

The return settles the difference between your estimates and reality, and applies any charge where the instalments fell short.

Federal return, prepared and reviewedSchedules for self-employment, rentals and investments where they apply
Extensions where they genuinely helpAn extension moves the filing, not the payment — worth knowing before relying on it
03

Where states come in

Withheld

Usually one state, withheld alongside federal. It gets complicated the moment you work remotely across a state line.

Not withheld

State estimates are separate from federal ones, on their own schedule, and are missed far more often.

Part-year and non-resident returnsA move usually means two state filings in the same year, not one
Credits between states, claimedSo the same income is not effectively taxed twice across a border
The cost of getting it wrong

April is where last year’s decisions arrive

No estimates on income with no withholding

Tax builds through the year with nothing set aside, and an underpayment charge lands on top of the bill itself.

Charge on top
Selling equity without checking the basis

Brokers do not always report cost basis correctly on equity compensation, and the default is rarely in your favour.

Taxed twice
Moving state without filing part-year

Two states can each assert a claim over the same year until the returns properly divide it between them.

Two claims
Treating an extension as more time to pay

It extends the filing only. Interest runs on anything unpaid from the original date regardless.

Interest accrues
Common questions

What clients ask first

My taxes are simple. Do I need an accountant at all?

Often not, and we will say so. If you have one salary, one state and no equity, software does a decent job. It becomes worth having someone the moment there is equity compensation, a business, property, or a move between states — because those are where the defaults quietly cost money.

My RSUs had tax withheld already. Is that enough?

Frequently not. Withholding on equity is often set at a flat supplemental rate that sits below the marginal rate of someone with a decent salary, leaving a gap that only appears at filing. It is worth checking during the year rather than discovering it afterwards.

We moved states midway through the year. What changes?

Usually two state returns rather than one, dividing the year between them, plus a check that the old state genuinely lost you as a resident. Where both states reach the same income, a credit generally prevents it being taxed twice — but it has to be claimed.

How is this priced?

A fixed fee, scoped from your income sources, the states involved and whether equity or a business is in the picture. Quoted in writing before any work begins, and never billed by the hour.

Next step

Tell us what changed this year.

A move, a new job, equity that vested, a property sold, a business started. Those are the things that change the answer, and knowing them early is what makes the return straightforward.

Start scoping