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United States · Abroad Filing follows citizenship, not residence

Leaving the country does not end the filing.

The US taxes citizens and green card holders on worldwide income wherever they live. Double taxation is relieved two different ways, and which one leaves you better off depends almost entirely on the tax rate in the country you moved to.

Two ways to relieve double tax
ExclusionLow-tax country
Foreign tax creditHigh-tax country
Which route suits you
Income earned abroad, taxable in two countries
Route A

Foreign earned income exclusion

Removes a band of foreign salary from US tax altogether, provided you meet a residence or physical presence test. Strongest where local tax is low or nil, because there is little foreign tax to credit instead.

Earned income onlyResidence test
Route B

Foreign tax credit

Credits the tax you already paid abroad against your US liability. Stronger in high-tax countries, and it reaches investment and other income that the exclusion cannot touch.

All income typesCan carry forward
Why this matters

Citizenship follows you. So does the return

Four things expatriates most often find out too late.

ScopeWorldwide income, every yearWhere you live changes how the tax is calculated, not whether a return is due at all
AccountsFBAR sits outside the returnAggregate foreign account balances above $10,000 at any point in the year trigger a separate filing to FinCEN
TimingAn automatic extension applies abroadTaxpayers living outside the US get extra time to file, though interest can still run on tax owed from the usual date
StatesYour old state may still claim youLeaving the country is not automatically leaving your state — residency has to be properly broken
How each route plays out

Three stages, followed down both sides

Qualifying comes first, because it constrains what is available. The annual filing is where the choice is made. Accounts and assets run alongside both, independently of either.

01

Qualifying

Exclusion

You must satisfy a residence or physical presence test, and your tax home has to be abroad. Days spent back in the US are counted, so travel patterns matter.

Credit

No presence test to meet. What matters is foreign tax actually paid or accrued, and whether it lands in the same category as the income it is credited against.

Days in and out of the US, trackedThe evidence behind a presence test, and worth keeping as you go rather than reconstructing
State residency, properly brokenSome states hold on tightly, and the steps to sever it differ by state
02

The annual filing

Exclusion

Claimed on the return each year. It covers earned income only, so salary is sheltered while investment income and gains remain fully exposed.

Credit

Computed by category against the US tax on the same income. Unused credit can often be carried to other years rather than simply lost.

Both routes modelled on your numbersRun side by side rather than assumed from the country you happen to live in
Switching is not always freeRevoking the exclusion can lock you out of it for several years, so the choice deserves care
03

Accounts and assets

Exclusion

Reporting is unaffected by the route you choose. Excluding income from tax does not exclude the accounts holding it from disclosure.

Credit

Equally unaffected. Foreign account and asset reporting runs on its own rules, whatever your relief position looks like.

FBAR on aggregate balances over $10,000Filed to FinCEN separately from your return, on its own form
Foreign pensions, looked at properlyHow a scheme is treated for US purposes rarely matches how it is treated locally
The cost of getting it wrong

Quiet years are the expensive ones

Assuming no US tax means no US return

Relief usually eliminates the tax while leaving the filing obligation entirely intact.

Return still due
Missing FBAR year after year

A separate filing on its own rules, with penalties that do not depend on any tax being owed.

Separate penalty
Picking a route once and never revisiting

Moving countries or changing income mix can flip which relief is better, sometimes substantially.

Overpaid yearly
Never breaking state residency

Your old state can keep taxing you for years after you left if the link was never properly cut.

State keeps billing
Common questions

What expatriates ask first

I pay tax where I live. Do I really still file in the US?

Yes. The US taxes on citizenship rather than residence, so the return is due wherever you live. What paying tax abroad usually does is remove the US liability through the exclusion or the credit — but that relief is claimed on a return, so the filing itself does not go away.

Which is better, the exclusion or the credit?

It depends on your numbers. Broadly, the exclusion tends to suit low-tax countries and salary income, while the credit tends to suit high-tax countries and reaches income the exclusion cannot cover. We model both rather than assuming, because the gap between them is often larger than people expect.

I have not filed since I moved. How bad is it?

Usually more fixable than people fear, particularly where no US tax was actually owed. There are established routes back into compliance and the right one depends on why the years were missed. Do not start filing back years on your own before that is settled.

How is this priced?

A fixed fee, scoped from where you live, your income sources and whether catch-up years are involved. Quoted in writing before any work begins, and never billed by the hour.

Next step

Tell us where you live and how you are paid.

Country, income sources, and whether you have filed recently. That is enough for us to tell you which route leaves you better off and what catching up would involve.

Start scoping